Diabetes and the Eye

How diabetes can affect your eyes and vision and what you can do about it, Dr Shibal Bhartiya, fellowship trained eye specialist, explains. Diabetes is a systemic disease that affects many organs, including the eyes. One of the most important complications is damage to the retina, the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that sends visual signals to the brain. This damage usually develops slowly and without pain, which is why many patients remain unaware until vision is affected.

Modern diabetic eye care focuses on early detection, risk assessment, and prevention of long term damage. With regular screening and timely treatment, most serious vision loss from diabetes can be avoided.

Dr Shibal Bhartiya is a fellowship-trained eye specialist and Mayo Clinic Research Collaborator with over 25 years of experience. Her approach focuses on identifying risk before damage is irreversible, simplifying treatment decisions, and protecting vision long-term. Emphasis on early detection, risk assessment, and continuity of care. She is rated 5 stars across 1,500+ patient reviews on Google.

Known for her structured approach to vision risk assessment and progression analysis, Dr Shibal Bhartiya provides trusted second opinions for patients seeking clarity before major treatment decisions.

How diabetes affects vision

High blood sugar damages small blood vessels throughout the body. The retina depends on these delicate vessels to function properly. Over time, diabetes can cause these vessels to leak fluid, bleed, or become blocked.

When this happens, the retina does not receive enough oxygen. In advanced stages, the eye may try to compensate by forming abnormal new blood vessels. These vessels are weak and unstable and can cause serious complications.

This entire process may begin years before symptoms appear. This is why routine retinal screening is recommended for all diabetic patients.

What are the most common eye problems caused by diabetes

Diabetes increases the risk of several eye conditions including:

• Diabetic retinopathy
• Diabetic macular edema
• Cataract at a younger age
• Glaucoma

Diabetic retinopathy remains the most important because it is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide.

Patients with diabetes should also be evaluated for glaucoma because optic nerve damage can occur silently. You can read more about glaucoma risk assessment and early detection in glaucoma screening evaluations.

What is diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy develops when retinal blood vessels become damaged due to prolonged exposure to high blood sugar levels.

In early stages, small vessel changes may be visible only on examination. Vision may remain normal. As damage increases, leakage and reduced blood supply can begin to affect vision.

In advanced stages, new abnormal vessels may grow. This stage, called proliferative diabetic retinopathy, carries a higher risk of bleeding and retinal detachment.

Early diagnosis allows treatment before permanent vision damage occurs.

What is diabetic macular edema

The macula is the part of the retina responsible for detailed central vision. When fluid accumulates in this area, it causes diabetic macular edema.

Patients may notice blurred reading vision, distortion of straight lines, or difficulty recognising faces. OCT scanning is often used to detect early fluid accumulation before major vision loss occurs.

Why diabetic patients may develop cataract earlier

Patients with diabetes often develop cataract earlier than non diabetic individuals. Vision may become cloudy and glare may increase, especially while driving at night.

Before cataract surgery, retinal evaluation is important to ensure that diabetic retinopathy is not missed. Sometimes retina treatment may be needed before or after cataract surgery.

Why glaucoma risk increases in diabetes

Diabetes slightly increases therisk of glaucoma, particularly open angle glaucoma. Since glaucoma causes permanent optic nerve damage, early detection is important.

Patients with diabetes may benefit from periodic optic nerve evaluation, visual field testing, and OCT nerve fibre analysis when indicated. Understanding optic nerve risk early helps prevent avoidable vision loss.

More about Glaucoma and Diabetes

Diabetes is associated with a higher risk of glaucoma, particularly primary open angle glaucoma. The exact relationship is complex, but long standing diabetes may make the optic nerve more vulnerable to damage due to vascular changes and reduced ability to tolerate pressure related stress. In addition, diabetic patients may develop secondary glaucomas such as neovascular glaucoma in advanced diabetic retinopathy. Because glaucoma causes silent and irreversible vision loss, diabetic patients should undergo periodic optic nerve evaluation, eye pressure measurement, and visual field testing when indicated. Early detection remains the most effective way to prevent permanent damage.

Who is at higher risk of diabetic eye damage

The risk of diabetic eye disease increases with:

• Duration of diabetes
• Poor sugar control
• High HbA1c
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Kidney disease
• Smoking

However, even well controlled patients can develop retinopathy. This is why screening is recommended for everyone with diabetes.

Symptoms of diabetic eye disease

Diabetic eye disease often has no early symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include:

• Blurred vision
• Fluctuating vision
• Floaters
• Dark spots
• Distortion
• Sudden vision drop

Waiting for symptoms is risky because damage may already be advanced. Screening before symptoms appear remains the safest approach.

How often should diabetics get eye screening

Patients with type 2 diabetes should ideally have an eye examination at diagnosis. Patients with type 1 diabetes should begin screening within five years.

After this, yearly screening is usually recommended. Some patients may need more frequent follow up depending on findings.

A personalised follow up plan based on risk is better than fixed routine visits.

What tests are done in diabetic eye screening

A comprehensive diabetic eye evaluation may include vision testing, eye pressure measurement, and dilated retinal examination.

Retinal photography helps document baseline findings. OCT scans help detect macular edema. Visual field testing and optic nerve OCT may be advised if glaucoma risk is present.

A thoughtful risk based approach avoids both missed disease and unnecessary investigations.

How to protect your vision if you have diabetes

Vision protection depends on both medical care and daily habits. Maintaining stable blood sugar remains the most important step. Blood pressure and cholesterol control also play an important role.

Regular exercise, medication adherence, and avoiding smoking improve long term outcomes. Annual retinal screening remains one of the most effective preventive measures.

Patients who maintain stable long term follow up usually preserve better vision than those who seek care only when symptoms appear.

Treatment options for diabetic eye disease

Treatment depends on the severity of disease. Early retinopathy may only require observation and systemic control. Laser treatment may be advised in certain stages to reduce progression risk.

Macular edema is commonly treated with intravitreal injections that reduce fluid and stabilise vision. Advanced disease may require vitrectomy surgery.

The goal of treatment is long term stability and prevention of irreversible damage.

Common mistakes diabetic patients make about eye care

Some common mistakes include:

Skipping eye exams because vision seems normal.
Getting glasses repeatedly without retina evaluation.
Assuming fluctuating vision is always due to spectacles.
Seeking care only after vision drops.
Not understanding glaucoma risk.

Delayed care is the most common cause of avoidable vision loss in diabetic patients.

When should you consider a second opinion

A second opinion may be useful if:

Retinopathy is progressing.
Multiple injections are being advised.
Vision is worsening despite treatment.
Glaucoma risk is suspected.
Surgery has been suggested.

A structured risk assessment can often clarify the best long term plan.

Not sure about your diagnosis? You are not alone.

Many patients come to Dr Bhartiya after receiving a diagnosis elsewhere: unsure whether to start treatment, concerned about long-term progression, or simply wanting clarity before committing to a plan.

A second opinion is not a sign of distrust. It is good medicine.

Request a Second Opinion →

Key message

Diabetic eye disease is common but vision loss is often preventable. The most important step is regular screening even when vision feels normal.

Early detection protects future vision. Prevention is always easier than late treatment.

Consultation for diabetic eye evaluation or second opinion

If you have diabetes and want a detailed eye evaluation or a second opinion regarding diabetic eye disease, you may schedule a consultation.

When should a person with diabetes see an eye specialist?

People with diabetes should have a comprehensive eye examination at least once a year, even if vision seems normal. Diabetic eye disease often develops silently and vision may remain clear until significant damage has already occurred.

You should see an eye specialist earlier if you notice:

• Blurred or fluctuating vision
• Difficulty reading
• Dark spots or floaters
• Poor night vision
• Sudden change in glasses number

Early detection is the most important factor in preventing permanent vision loss from diabetes.

Can diabetic eye damage be reversed?

Early diabetic eye changes can often be stabilised if detected in time. Good blood sugar control, regular monitoring, and timely treatment can prevent progression in many cases.

However, advanced diabetic retinopathy may cause permanent damage. This is why regular screening is critical — treatment works best before vision is affected.

Treatment options may include:

• Observation with strict diabetes control
• Laser treatment
• Eye injections
• Surgery in advanced cases

The goal of treatment is usually to prevent further loss rather than restore lost vision, which is why early diagnosis matters.

Why diabetic eye disease is often missed in routine eye exams

Diabetic eye disease may not always be detected during routine vision testing because early damage affects the retina and optic nerve before it affects clarity of sight.

Many patients are told their vision is “normal” because they can read the chart, but this does not rule out early diabetic damage.

Some common reasons diabetic eye disease may be missed include:

• Vision tests only check clarity, not retinal health
• Early disease may not cause symptoms
• Patients may delay dilated retinal examination
• Diabetes duration may be underestimated
• Damage can progress between annual visits

This is why a targeted retinal evaluation is important for patients with diabetes rather than relying only on glasses checks.

Early detection allows monitoring and treatment before vision loss occurs.

Frequently asked questions about diabetes and eye problems

Can diabetes cause blindness?

Yes, uncontrolled diabetes can cause vision loss through diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, glaucoma, and cataract. Regular eye examinations greatly reduce this risk.

Is diabetic retinopathy painful?

No. Diabetic retinopathy usually develops without pain or early symptoms, which is why many patients delay screening.

Does good sugar control protect the eyes?

Yes. Good HbA1c control significantly reduces the risk of diabetic eye disease progression.

Can vision improve after diabetic eye treatment?

Sometimes swelling-related vision loss can improve, but damage from late disease may not fully recover.

Do I need screening if my vision is normal?

Yes. Many patients with diabetic retinopathy have normal vision initially.

Read the research articles

This article was written by Dr Shibal Bhartiya, fellowship-trained glaucoma specialist and Mayo Clinic Research Collaborator, Clinical Director at Marengo Asia Hospitals, Gurugram, known for ethical, patient-centred glaucoma care and independent glaucoma second opinions. This article was edited in April 2026.

She has published peer-reviewed research on glaucoma management, examining how treatment decisions should balance medical evidence, patient preferences, and long-term vision outcomes.

As Editor-in-Chief of Clinical and Experimental Vision and Eye Research and Executive Editor of the Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice (Pubmed Indexed, official journal of the International Society of Glaucoma Surgery), Dr Shibal Bhartiya brings editorial and research depth to every clinical decision. Her 200+ publications, including 90+ PubMed-indexed publications and 28 edited textbooks span glaucoma biology, surgical outcomes, health equity, and emerging diagnostics.

Her work can be accessed on Pubmed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and ORCID.

Dr Shibal Bhartiya
Glaucoma • Second Opinion • Advanced Care

www.drshibalbhartiya.com
+91 88826 38735

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Dr Shibal Bhartiya- Glaucoma Specialist in Gurgaon

Dr Shibal Bhartiya — Glaucoma Specialist in Gurgaon

Dr. Shibal Bhartiya: Expert Glaucoma Specialist & Clinician-Scientist

Dr. Shibal Bhartiya is a globally recognized authority in Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology, currently serving as the Clinical Director at Marengo Asia Hospitals, Gurgaon. She is also a Research Collaborator with Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA. Former Senior Scientific Research Fellow (Glaucoma) University of Geneva, Switzerland & Former Senior Research Associate (Glaucoma + Cornea), AIIMS, New Delhi.

With over 27 years of experience, she is one of the few specialists in India who seamlessly bridges the gap between high-volume clinical excellence and international medical research.

At a Glance

Fellowship trained — University of Geneva, Switzerland & AIIMS New Delhi
Research Collaborator — Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
200+ peer-reviewed publications · 20+ edited textbooks on glaucoma
Best Research Paper Awards — Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, Asia Pacific Glaucoma Congress, International Society of Glaucoma Surgery
Clinical Director, Ophthalmology — Marengo Asia Hospitals, Gurgaon

Academic & Research Distinction

As a Research Collaborator with the Mayo Clinic (Jacksonville, USA), Dr. Bhartiya is at the forefront of global innovations in eye care. Her academic journey includes a prestigious Clinical Research Fellowship in Glaucoma from the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and extensive training at AIIMS, New Delhi.

She is a prolific author of 28 medical textbooks and has published over 200 peer-reviewed research papers in international journals. Her leadership in the field is further cemented as the Executive Editor of the Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice and her role on the Associate Advisory Committee of the International Society of Glaucoma Surgery (ISGS).

Her work can be accessed on Pubmed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and ORCID.

Patient-Centric Excellence

Beyond her academic accolades, Dr. Bhartiya is arguably the most trusted glaucoma specialist in Gurgaon, maintaining a perfect 5.0-star rating across 1,500+ verified patient reviews. She is widely sought after for ethical glaucoma care and second opinions, specializing in:

Evidence-Based, Non-Surgical Protocols
Complex Glaucoma Management (Medical & Surgical)
Neuro-Ophthalmology & Ocular Surface Diseases
Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS)

Focus Areas: Providing advanced diagnosis, glaucoma treatment, risk stratification, and second opinions for glaucoma and optic nerve disease. Long-term vision protection.

The Ethical Care Philosophy

Dr. Bhartiya is known for her “patient-first” approach, focusing on long-term vision preservation rather than unnecessary surgical intervention. Her practice is built on transparency, humane care, and the same rigorous standards found at the world’s leading eye institutes.

Dr Shibal Bhartiya is a fellowship-trained glaucoma specialist in Gurgaon, currently serving as Clinical Director of Ophthalmology at Marengo Asia Hospitals, Sector 56, Gurugram, and as Research Collaborator at Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

Her clinical focus is glaucoma across its full spectrum- from early detection and borderline disease to complex surgery and second opinions for patients who need clarity on a difficult diagnosis. She also sees patients with neuro-ophthalmological conditions and ocular surface disease.

Dr Bhartiya trained at AIIMS New Delhi, completed a Clinical Research Fellowship in Glaucoma at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and is currently enrolled for a Doctorate en Médecin at the University of Geneva. Over two decades of glaucoma specialty practice, international research collaboration, and editorial leadership in glaucoma have shaped an approach to care that is careful, long-term, and built around protecting vision, and not just treating numbers.

What I Treat

My practice is focused on patients with glaucoma at every stage — from those who have just been told they may be a glaucoma suspect, to those managing advanced disease after failed surgery. I also see a significant number of patients who come for a structured second opinion, from Gurgaon, NCT and all over India, often after an unclear diagnosis or conflicting advice from different doctors.

Conditions I see regularly: — Primary open-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma — Angle closure glaucoma and angle closure suspects — Ocular hypertension and glaucoma suspects — Secondary glaucomas: steroid-induced, post-uveitic, post-traumatic, after retinal surgery or corneal transplant Neovascular and complex refractory glaucoma

Neuro-ophthalmological conditions: optic neuropathy, unexplained visual field loss, optic neuritis, papilledema — Ocular surface disease and dry eye in the context of glaucoma treatment

If you are unsure whether your situation fits, the contact page has details for reaching my coordinator directly. You can also reach me through the Marengo Asia Hospitals appointment page here

Training and Qualifications

Fellowship Training

Clinical Research Fellowship in Glaucoma, Clinique d’Ophtalmologie, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland (2010–11).

Also enrolled: Doctorat en Médecin, University of Geneva.

Senior Clinical Research Associate, Cornea and Glaucoma Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi (2007–10).

MS Ophthalmology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi (2007–10).

Current Positions

Clinical Director, Ophthalmology, Marengo Asia Hospitals, Gurugram (July 2024 to date) Program

Director, Community Outreach & Wellness, Marengo Asia Hospitals, Gurugram and Faridabad

Program Director, Marengo Asia International Institute of Neuro & Spine (Pan-India)

Research Collaborator, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA (September 2024 to date)

Academic and Editorial Leadership

Dr Bhartiya holds editorial positions at three international peer-reviewed journals:

Editor-in-Chief, Clinical and Experimental Vision and Eye Research

Editor-in-Chief, Ocular Research Journal

Executive Editor, Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice

She is a Member of the Associate Advisory Committee, International Society of Glaucoma Surgery, and serves on the Delhi Ophthalmic Society International Advisory Sub-Committee.

She has edited more than 20 textbooks in glaucoma and ophthalmology, and contributed chapters to more than 20 others. Her peer-reviewed research is indexed on PubMed and Google Scholar.

Awards and Recognition

Best Paper, Glaucoma Session — APAO, Hyderabad (Continuous IOP Monitoring in Glaucoma)
Best Paper, Glaucoma Session and Top Nine Most Influential Papers — Asia Pacific Glaucoma Congress, Bali 2012 (Diurnal IOP Fluctuation in Angle Closure)
Multiple best paper recognitions at International Society for Glaucoma Surgery congresses

Global Outreach and Community Work

Beyond clinical practice, Dr Bhartiya has led glaucoma screening and surgical programmes in underserved communities across three continents.
In Egypt, she led a humanitarian mission to Kom Ombo General Hospital, Aswan, conducting screening for over 5,000 patients including children, and provided both medical and surgical management of advanced glaucomas in North Africa. She has also delivered skill-transfer sessions in advanced glaucoma care for doctors, residents, and optometrists in Aswan.
In Switzerland, she designed and executed hospital-based and community glaucoma screening protocols in Geneva and Troinnex, and led screening of United Nations personnel as part of World Glaucoma Week.
In India, she is an active contributor to the Motiabind Mukti Abhiyan cataract outreach programme, has led eye camps in Sirsa (Haryana), and runs school health initiatives and government employee screening programmes in Gurugram.
She is also the founder of Vision Unlimited, a not-for-profit organisation currently running six learning centres in urban Gurugram, serving over 1,200 children with education, nutrition, and healthcare support.
As part of the Eye on the Future program, Vision Unlimited under the guidance of Dr Bhartiya has screened more than 15000 school children; and 5000 elders from underserved areas for refractive errors, and other ocular morbidities.

Research

Active clinical research collaborations span glaucoma medication adherence, quality of life, IOP monitoring, community-based screening, and surgical outcomes. Dr Bhartiya collaborates with glaucoma specialists across more than 20 countries.
Current trials include work on 24-hour ambulatory IOP monitoring, selective laser trabeculoplasty as primary therapy, tear film osmolarity in glaucoma patients, and quantitative versus qualitative IOP control, as well as metabolic determinants of glaucoma.
Full publication list: PubMed · Google Scholar · Publications page

Book an Appointment

For appointments at Marengo Asia Hospitals, Sector 56, Gurugram, please contact my coordinator at +91 88826 38735.
If you are seeking a structured glaucoma second opinion, you may also use the second opinion form to submit your reports in advance of your consultation.

As a fellowship-trained glaucoma specialist (from University of Geneva, Switzerland, and AIIMS, New Delhi) in Gurgaon, Dr Shibal Bhartiya works with patients across the full spectrum of glaucoma—from suspects and early disease to advanced and complex cases. Her approach emphasises risk stratification, longitudinal follow-up, and calm decision-making, helping patients avoid late surprises and unnecessary interventions.

Patients often seek her care for early glaucoma diagnosis, second opinions, treatment planning, and long-term glaucoma management (medical, glaucoma lasers and glaucoma surgery including MIGS, trabeculectomy and complex tubes and shunts), especially when clarity is needed in uncertain, complex, or borderline cases.

Academic Qualifications:

2010-11 – Clinical Research Fellowship, Glaucoma, University of Geneva, Switzerland
2007-10 – MS (Ophthalmology), Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
1993-99 – M.B.B.S, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
2000-03 – Clinical Research Associateship, Cornea and Glaucoma, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
Doctorate en Medicin, University of Geneva, Switzerland (Currently enrolled)

Experience details:

July 2024 to date- Clinical Director, Ophthalmology (MAH, Gurgaon); Program Director, Community Outreach & Wellness (MAH, Gurgaon and Faridabad)
Program Director, Marengo Asia International Institute of Neuro & Spine (Pan-India)
Sept 2024 to date– Research collaborator, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
2019 to Date: Member, Associate Advisory Board, International Society of Glaucoma Surgery
2012-July 2024- Director, Additional Director, Sr. Consultant, Consultant – Ophthalmology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, India

Additional Role

Sept 2024 – till date- Research collaborator, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
August 2015-October 2015- Consultant, Cantahealth, Healthcare Practice, Eliglobal, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. (Training and development of AI platforms and interfaces in Ophthalmology)
Oct 2015- April 2017- Clinical Director, Medflow, Eye Care Leaders (Eliglobal), Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. (Training and development of AI platforms and CDSS interfaces in Ophthalmology)
Sept 2012 to Aug 2015 – Consultant, Glaucoma and Preventive Health Services, Department of Ophthalmology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana
Sept 2011 to Aug 2012 – Consultant Glaucoma and In charge of Academics and Research, Eye 7 Group of Hospitals, New Delhi
Jul 2010 to Jul 2011 – Senior Scientific- Clinical Research Fellow, Glaucoma Sector, Clinique d’ ophthalmologie, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Glaucoma Sector, Hopitaux Universitaires de Geneve, Switzerland. (Responsibilities including teaching resident doctors and glaucoma fellows)
Mar 2007 to Mar 2010 – Senior Research Associate, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi. (Responsibilities including teaching resident doctors)
Sept 2003 to Sept 2006 – Senior Registrar, University College of Medical Sciences, and associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi. (Responsibilities including teaching resident doctors)

Languages known:

English, Hindi, Urdu, French

Academic, Organisational and Leadership positions:

2024 – Present- Editor in Chief, Ocular Research Journal
2017-to date: Founder, Vision Unlimited, Not for Profit Organization for social responsibility https://vision-unlimited.org/
2019-to date – Editor in Chief –Clinical and Experimental Vision and Eye Research https://www.cleverjournal.org/ https://www.cleverjournal.org/editorial-team/
2016-to date – Executive Editor – Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice https://www.jocgp.com/journalDetails/JOCGP https://www.jocgp.com/editorialBoard/JOCGP
2019 to Date: Member, Associate Advisory Board, International Society of Glaucoma Surgery
2024 to Date- Member, Program Committee, Bal Raksha Bharat, Save the Children, India
2016 to 2021: Executive Editor-DOS Times
2016-till date: Founder Member, Khem, LGBTQ Rights
2009 to 2016 – Managing Editor – Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice
2023 to date- Member, Delhi Ophthalmic Society International advisory sub-committee
2011 – Founding Secretary – Shamms Ed Deen Alcon Glaucoma Fund, University of Geneva, Switzerland
2013 – Member Scientific Committee – World Glaucoma Congress
2012 – Member Scientific Committee – International Society for Glaucoma Surgery
2010 – Member, Organising Committee – International Society for Glaucoma Surgery
Apr 2008 to Dec 2009 – Associate Editor – Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology
2008 – Co-Editor – Proceedings of the Strabismic Panorama
2001 to 2003 – Assistant Editor – Indian Journal of Strabismology and Pediatric Ophthalmology
2007 to 2008 – Deputy Editor – Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology
Reviewer for several journals worldwide.

Professional Memberships:

International Society of Glaucoma Surgery
Glaucoma Society of India
Strabismological Society of India
All India Ophthalmological Society
Delhi Ophthalmological Society
Haryana Ophthalmological Society
Gurugram Ophthalmological Society
American Academy of Ophthalmology
Association for Research and Vision in Ophthalmology

Community Ophthalmology Programmes:

Responsible for design of skill transfer sessions in glaucoma care, and for screening manuals for glaucoma in Africa and the Middle East. Projected collaboration in execution
Skill transfer sessions in advanced glaucoma care in Aswan, Egypt for doctors, residents and optometrists
Humanitarian mission to Kom Ombo General Hospital, Aswan, Egypt. Screening program for over 5000 patients, including children for glaucoma in Kom Ombo General Hospital, Aswan, Egypt
Management, both medical and surgical, of advanced glaucomas in North Africa
Screening for glaucoma and designing and execution of protocols and SOPs for hospital based and community outreach programs, Geneva and Troinnex, Switzerland
Screening of UN personnel for glaucoma in an outreach exercise as part of World Glaucoma Week in Geneva, Switzerland
Actively involved in the Motiabind Mukti Abhiyan, an outreach program for cataract management in India
Execution of eye camps in Sirsa, Haryana, as part of a community sponsored initiative
School health and eye care initiatives, Gurugram, Haryana
Screening programs for police officers and government officials in Gurugram, Haryana
Screening programs for community based screening in Pilibhit, UP and Mewat, Haryana

Design of clinical trials:

Population based survey of anterior chamber configuration in North African populations
Histochemical correlates of chronic glaucoma medication use on trabecular meshwork and ocular surface
Persistency, adherence and compliance to glaucoma medications
Selective laser trabeculoplasty as primary therapy in an African population: An efficacy and economics perspective
Tear film osmolarity studies in patients on glaucoma therapy
Comparative evaluation of sclerothalamotomy ab interno combined with phacoemulsification versus phacoemulsification alone in POAG patients
Quantitative versus qualitative control of IOP: A risk benefit analysis
24 hour ambulatory IOP monitoring in angle closure glaucoma
Effect of increased intraocular pressure on retinal ganglion cells in chick embryos

Awards

Continuous IOP Monitoring In Glaucoma Patients Treated With Tafluprost. Shibal Bhartiya, Aref A, Shaarawy T. APAO, Hyderabad, India. Best Paper, Glaucoma session
Diurnal Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation in Eyes with Angle Closure. Shibal Bhartiya, Ichhpujani P. Asia Pacific Glaucoma Congress 2012, Bali, Indonesia. Best paper glaucoma session, Top nine most influential papers of the congress
Harry Potter and the Ophthalmologists Nemesis: Shibal B., S Khokhar, IV International Congress of Glaucoma Surgery, April 2009, Geneva. Best Poster
Comparative evaluation of time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements. S.Bhartiya, Jayaprakash V, T Dada, A Panda. DOS Annual Conference, March 2009.Best free paper, glaucoma session.
Evaluation of levo-dopa as a therapeutic adjunct to conventional occlusion in amblyopia; Kamlesh, Dadeya S, Shibal F. DOS Midcon, 2001 .Best free paper, squint session.
Asia ARVO Young Scientists Travel Grant for the year 2008
CSIR Young Scientists Travel Grant for the year 2003,2009
World Glaucoma Association Young Scientists Travel Grant for the year 2009, 2013Ju

CV

Complete list of publications

Published Articles

Types of Glaucoma: Open Angle, Closed Angle, Normal Tension, and More

Types of Glaucoma: Open Angle, Closed Angle, Normal Tension, and More, explained by Dr Shibal Bhartiya, glaucoma specialist in Gurgaon.

Glaucoma is not a single disease. It is a family of conditions, each with different causes, risk factors, and treatment approaches. What they share is a common outcome: damage to the optic nerve, leading to progressive and irreversible vision loss if untreated.

Understanding which type of glaucoma you have helps you ask better questions and follow your treatment plan with more confidence. This page explains the main types, from the most common to the less well known, written for patients rather than clinicians.

Dr Shibal Bhartiya is a fellowship-trained glaucoma specialist and Mayo Clinic Research Collaborator with over 25 years of experience. Her approach focuses on identifying risk before damage is irreversible, simplifying treatment decisions, and protecting vision long-term. Emphasis on early detection, risk assessment, and continuity of care. She is rated 5 stars across 1,500+ patient reviews on Google.

Not all glaucomas behave the same way, and the treatment that is right for open-angle glaucoma may be wrong for angle-closure or normal tension glaucoma. Getting the diagnosis right, and the type right, is where good glaucoma care begins.

If you are uncertain about your diagnosis, a structured second opinion can bring clarity.

THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF GLAUCOMA

Q1. What is the difference between open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma?

Most glaucomas fall into one of two broad categories, determined by the anatomy of the drainage angle of the eye.

Open-angle glaucoma is by far the more common type of glaucoma. The drainage angle is open and appears normal, but fluid drains too slowly, causing pressure to build gradually over months and years. It has no symptoms in the early stages. Patients typically lose peripheral vision first, and the brain compensates so well that many people do not notice the loss until the disease is advanced. This is why regular screening is essential, particularly for those with risk factors.

Closed-angle glaucoma occurs when the drainage angle is narrow or blocked, preventing fluid from draining. It can occur suddenly (acute angle closure) or gradually (chronic angle closure). The acute form is a medical emergency with symptoms including severe eye pain, redness, blurred vision, and nausea. The chronic form is subtler and may mimic open-angle glaucoma.

Note: The distinction between the two types of glaucoma (open and closed angle) is made using a test called gonioscopy. This single test shapes all subsequent treatment decisions.

CLOSED-ANGLE GLAUCOMA

Q2. I have been diagnosed with angle-closure glaucoma. What does that mean for me?

In angle-closure glaucoma, the iris (the coloured part of the eye) is too close to the drainage angle, narrowing or blocking it. When the angle closes, fluid cannot drain and eye pressure rises sharply.

The acute form causes a sudden, severe rise in pressure. Symptoms include a red, painful eye with blurred vision, coloured halos around lights, headache, and nausea. This is an eye emergency; seek immediate medical help if this happens.

The chronic form builds more slowly, with few symptoms other than occasional coloured halos and mild headaches. It can go undetected for years without a formal eye examination.

Treatment for angle-closure glaucoma starts with a laser procedure called laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). This creates a small opening in the iris to provide an alternative drainage pathway. After LPI, some patients require no further treatment; others need long-term eye drops. Your doctor will monitor your pressure and angle anatomy over time.

Note: Family members of patients with angle-closure glaucoma have a higher risk of the same condition. Preventive laser iridotomy can be offered to at-risk relatives before any acute episode occurs.

NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA

Q3. My doctor says I have glaucoma, but my eye pressures are normal. How is that possible?

This is understandably confusing. Between 10 and 25 percent of people with glaucoma have eye pressures that fall within the normal range (below 21 mmHg). This is called normal tension glaucoma (NTG), or low tension glaucoma.

The exact cause is not fully understood. Two leading theories are that the optic nerve is unusually sensitive to pressure and sustains damage even at pressures that would be harmless in most people, or that the blood supply to the optic nerve is compromised, making it vulnerable to damage independent of pressure. Of all the types of glaucoma, this is perhaps the most confusing for patients.

Conditions associated with normal tension glaucoma include:

Japanese ancestry (NTG is significantly more common in East Asian populations)
A family history of normal tension glaucoma
Migraines and vasospastic disorders such as Raynaud’s disease
Sleep apnoea
Alzheimer’s disease

Treatment still focuses on lowering eye pressure, like all other types of glaucoma. Even when eye pressure is within the normal range to start with, clinical trials have shown this slows progression. Eye drops, laser, or surgery may be used depending on the rate of progression and individual risk factors.

Note: Normal tension glaucoma often progresses more slowly than high-pressure glaucoma, but regular monitoring is still essential. Missing follow-up appointments is the most common reason for avoidable vision loss.

OCULAR HYPERTENSION

Q4. My eye pressures are high but my doctor says I do not have glaucoma. What is ocular hypertension?

If your eye pressure is above the normal range but your optic nerve and visual field show no signs of damage, you have ocular hypertension (OHT). It is not glaucoma, but it is a significant risk factor for developing glaucoma.

Not everyone with high eye pressure will develop glaucoma. Your individual risk depends on your age, ethnicity, family history, and corneal thickness (thicker corneas can give falsely high pressure readings).

Your doctor will weigh your risk profile before deciding whether to treat. Options include eye drops or selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT). In lower-risk patients, careful monitoring without treatment is often appropriate, since all glaucoma medications carry some side effect burden.

Whether or not you receive treatment, regular eye checks are essential. The goal is to detect any optic nerve or visual field changes before significant vision is lost. Knowing your risk early is one of the best things you can do for your vision.

GLAUCOMA SUSPECT

Q5. My doctor says I am a glaucoma suspect. My tests were normal. Why do I still need annual monitoring?

A glaucoma suspect is someone whose optic nerve appearance raises concern, even when eye pressure and visual field tests are currently normal.

The most common reason is a larger than average cup-to-disc ratio (the proportion of the optic nerve head occupied by the central cup). A ratio above 0.5, or a difference of 20 percent or more between the two eyes, warrants closer monitoring. Other reasons include borderline eye pressures or a strong family history of glaucoma.

This does not mean you have glaucoma. It means your doctor wants a baseline record to compare against over time. If the optic nerve or visual field changes, that change can be detected early and treatment started before significant vision is lost.

Most glaucoma suspects are asked to return for annual or biannual testing. Once several years of stable results have been recorded, the interval between visits may be extended.

Note: The value of being labelled a glaucoma suspect is that it keeps you in the system. Early detection is the single most powerful tool for preventing glaucoma blindness.

SECONDARY GLAUCOMA

Q6. What is secondary glaucoma, and what causes it?

Secondary glaucoma is glaucoma caused by another identifiable condition or event, rather than arising on its own. It is managed in the same way as primary glaucoma (eye drops, laser, or surgery), but the underlying cause must also be addressed.

The most common secondary types of glaucoma include:

Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma: A protein-like material deposits on the lens and drainage structures of the eye, blocking outflow. This is one of the most common secondary glaucomas in India and tends to cause higher pressures and faster progression than primary open-angle glaucoma. It requires close monitoring and often more aggressive treatment.
Pigmentary glaucoma: Pigment granules shed from the back of the iris clog the drainage angle. It typically affects younger, myopic (short-sighted) patients and is often missed because these patients are not in the standard high-risk age group for glaucoma screening.
Steroid-induced glaucoma: Long-term use of steroid eye drops, nasal sprays, skin creams, or oral steroids can raise eye pressure in susceptible individuals. If you are on any form of steroid medication for any condition, ask your doctor whether your eye pressure has been checked.
Traumatic glaucoma: An injury to the eye can damage the drainage angle and cause pressure to rise, sometimes years after the original injury. Any history of significant eye trauma should be disclosed to your eye doctor.
Neovascular glaucoma: New, abnormal blood vessels grow over the drainage angle, blocking outflow. It is most commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes and retinal vein occlusion. It is one of the more difficult types to manage and often requires surgery.

Note: If you have a systemic condition such as diabetes, or are on long-term steroid medication, make sure your eye doctor is aware. These are glaucoma risk factors that are often overlooked.

CONGENITAL AND CHILDHOOD GLAUCOMA

Q7. My child has been diagnosed with glaucoma. How is that possible, and what should I expect?

Glaucoma can affect any age group, though it is most common in adults over 40. In children, the most common cause is a structural defect in the drainage angle that is present from birth; this is called congenital glaucoma or primary infantile glaucoma.

Signs that parents typically notice first include:

Cloudy or hazy eyes
Unusual sensitivity to light; the child may turn away from bright light or bury their face
Excessive tearing
Eyes that appear larger than normal (because raised pressure causes the infant eye to expand)

Eye drops may be started initially to control pressure, but surgery is almost always required for congenital glaucoma. Early surgical intervention gives the best chance of preserving good vision throughout the child’s life.

Some children also have a co-existing cataract or other eye abnormality that needs to be managed alongside the glaucoma. Glasses, patching therapy for amblyopia (lazy eye), and follow-up surgeries may all be part of the long-term plan.

Children with glaucoma can lead fully independent lives. Even where some vision has been lost, tailored rehabilitation and visual aids allow children to participate in all age-appropriate activities. As a parent, remaining engaged with the care team and encouraging the child’s independence are the most important things you can do.

Note: Congenital glaucoma is rare. If your child has been diagnosed, seek care from a specialist with specific paediatric glaucoma experience. Early and consistent follow-up is critical.

Read the research articles

She has published peer-reviewed research on glaucoma management, examining how treatment decisions should balance medical evidence, patient preferences, and long-term vision outcomes.

Available on Pubmed and Google Scholar

Dr Shibal Bhartiya
Glaucoma • Second Opinion • Advanced Care

www.drshibalbhartiya.com
+91 88826 38735

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Glaucoma Diagnosis in Gurgaon

Glaucoma Diagnosis in Gurgaon: What to expect

Glaucoma steals vision silently. Most patients feel no pain and notice no changes, until significant nerve damage has already occurred.

Early diagnosis changes everything. In, Gurgaon, Dr. Shibal Bhartiya offers a complete glaucoma diagnostic workup using advanced imaging and functional testing.

If you have a family history of glaucoma, are over 40, or have been told your eye pressure is high, this page explains exactly what your evaluation involves.

Why Early Glaucoma Detection Matters

Vision lost to glaucoma cannot come back. But when you catch it early, treatment halts further damage. That is why a thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential, not optional.

Early detection matters most if you have:

A parent, sibling, or child with glaucoma (family history)
Eye pressure above the normal range
Thin corneas are a known risk factor
Diabetes, high myopia, or a history of eye injury
Age over 40, especially with South Asian ancestry

💡 Research shows that South Asians have a higher risk of angle-closure glaucoma. A screening examination can identify this risk before any symptoms appear.

7 Tests Used to Diagnose Glaucoma

Dr. Bhartiya uses a structured, evidence-based protocol. Each test answers a different question about the health of your optic nerve and visual system.

1. Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Measurement

High eye pressure is the most well-known glaucoma risk factor. Dr. Bhartiya measures IOP using Goldmann applanation tonometry, the gold-standard technique.

Normal IOP: 10–21 mmHg. Readings above this range trigger further evaluation. However, some patients develop glaucoma at normal pressures (normal-tension glaucoma), so IOP alone is never enough.

The test is quick and painless. It takes less than a minute per eye.

💡 IOP fluctuates through the day. Dr. Bhartiya may check your pressure at different times if she suspects normal-tension glaucoma.

2. OCT- Optic Nerve and RNFL Imaging

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is the most important advance in modern glaucoma diagnosis. It gives Dr. Bhartiya a detailed cross-sectional scan of your optic nerve and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL).

OCT detects structural nerve damage up to 6 years before visual field loss becomes visible. This makes it the cornerstone of early detection.

OCT measures:

RNFL thickness, thinning here signals glaucoma damage
Optic nerve head parameters, including the cup-to-disc ratio
Ganglion cell complex, a sensitive early marker of nerve loss

The scan is non-contact, takes about 5 minutes, and requires no eye drops in most cases.

💡 Dr. Bhartiya’s research background in optic nerve imaging means she reads OCT results with particular depth, looking beyond the machine’s colour codes and interpreting the raw data.

3. Visual Field Testing (Perimetry)

Glaucoma damages peripheral vision first. A visual field test maps exactly which parts of your vision are affected, and how severely. You sit in front of a dome-shaped screen and press a button each time you see a light flash. The test takes 5–7 minutes per eye.

Visual field testing answers three questions:

Is there functional vision loss, and where?
How fast is the damage progressing?
Is current treatment working?

Results compare against age-matched norms. Serial testing over time is especially important, a single test shows the current state; repeated tests reveal the trend.

💡 Reliable results require full concentration. Bhartiya’s team explains the test carefully so your first attempt is accurate. But if there are too many false positives or negatives, they will request a repeat!

4. Corneal Pachymetry

Pachymetry measures the thickness of your cornea. This single measurement significantly changes how Dr. Bhartiya interprets your eye pressure.

Here is why. IOP measurements are affected by corneal thickness. A thin cornea makes pressure read falsely low. A thick cornea makes it read falsely high.

Average corneal thickness: ~545 microns. Corneas below 500 microns carry a significantly higher risk of glaucoma progression, even when IOP appears normal.

The test is painless and takes under 2 minutes. A small probe touches the cornea gently after numbing drops.

💡 Pachymetry is especially important if glaucoma is progressing despite treatment, and for patients with borderline IOP readings.

5. Gonioscopy: Examining the Drainage Angle

Gonioscopy is the only way to directly examine the drainage angle of the eye, where fluid exits. This examination determines whether your glaucoma is open-angle or angle-closure. That distinction drives every treatment decision.

Dr. Bhartiya places a specialised mirrored lens gently on your eye (after numbing drops) to visualise structures that are otherwise invisible.

Gonioscopy reveals:

Open-angle glaucoma: the drainage angle is open but not working efficiently
Angle-closure glaucoma: the angle is narrow or blocked, often needing laser treatment
Secondary causes: such as steroid use, pigment dispersion, pseudoexfoliation, or neovascularisation

💡 Many patients in India have narrow drainage angles without knowing it. Gonioscopy at your first visit can prevent a potentially blinding acute angle-closure attack.

6. Diurnal IOP Monitoring and the Water Drinking Test

Eye pressure is not constant. It fluctuates throughout the day and night, typically peaking around 4 AM and varying by as much as 6–8 mmHg over 24 hours. A single pressure reading in clinic captures only one moment in that cycle.

This matters because peak IOP, not average IOP, is what damages the optic nerve. A patient whose pressure appears well-controlled at a morning clinic visit may have dangerously high peaks overnight.

24-hour IOP monitoring records pressure every two hours over a full day and night. It is the most comprehensive method but is cumbersome and expensive. It is reserved for complex cases where standard clinic measurements are insufficient.

The Water Drinking Test is a practical alternative. Eye pressure is measured at baseline, then you drink approximately 10 ml per kg body weight of water over five minutes. Pressure is then recorded every 15 minutes for one hour. The test gives a reasonable estimate of peak IOP, pressure fluctuation, and how quickly your eye recovers to baseline.

If a water drinking test has been scheduled, carry a one-litre bottle of water. There are no other specific preparations.

💡 Dr Bhartiya has published peer-reviewed research on 24-hour IOP monitoring, target IOP, and continuous pressure recording in glaucoma patients. This is an area of active clinical research at this practice.

7. Optic Disc Photography

A high-resolution photograph of your optic nerve is taken and stored in your record. This image becomes one of the most important documents in your long-term glaucoma care.

The reason is straightforward. Glaucoma causes slow, progressive changes to the optic disc — changes that are often difficult to detect at any single visit. A photograph taken today gives your doctor a precise baseline to compare against at every future visit. Subtle changes that would otherwise go unnoticed become visible when images from different years are placed side by side.

Disc photography requires no drops in most cases. You sit in front of a fundus camera, look at a fixation target, and a bright flash takes the image. It takes under two minutes.

💡 Serial disc photography over years is one of the most powerful tools for detecting glaucoma progression — and one of the most underused in routine practice.

What to Expect at Your Glaucoma Evaluation

A complete glaucoma workup takes approximately 60–90 minutes. Here is the sequence:

Brief history: symptoms, family history, current medications
Visual acuity and refraction
IOP measurement (both eyes)
Pachymetry
Gonioscopy
Dilated fundus examination and optic nerve evaluation
OCT imaging
Visual field testing (where indicated)
Detailed consultation: results, diagnosis, and treatment options

Dilation drops may be used during the examination. Your vision may be blurred for 3–4 hours afterwards. Plan not to drive yourself home.

Seeking a Second Opinion on Glaucoma?

Many patients come to Dr. Bhartiya after receiving a diagnosis elsewhere, unsure whether they need surgery, or concerned about a treatment recommendation.

A second opinion review includes a full re-evaluation of all existing tests, a fresh examination, and an honest, unhurried discussion of your options. Dr. Bhartiya brings her research expertise to every such case.

💡 Bring all previous reports, OCT scans, visual field printouts, and prescription history. The more information you bring, the more specific the guidance.

Book Your Glaucoma Diagnosis in Gurgaon

Do not wait for symptoms. Glaucoma gives no warning until significant damage is done.

Book a comprehensive glaucoma evaluation with Dr. Shibal Bhartiya at Gurgaon.

📞 Call or WhatsApp: +91 8882638735

🔗 Also read: Glaucoma Surgery in Gurgaon | Glaucoma Second Opinion | About Dr. Shibal Bhartiya

Frequently Asked Questions

Is glaucoma diagnosis painful?

No. All five tests are painless. IOP measurement, OCT, and visual field testing involve no contact with the eye. Pachymetry and gonioscopy use numbing drops first, so you feel minimal discomfort.

How often should I get screened?

If you have risk factors — family history, high eye pressure, thin corneas, or age over 40 — annual screening is advisable. For diagnosed patients, Dr. Bhartiya sets a personalised review schedule based on disease stage and stability.

My eye pressure is normal. Can I still have glaucoma?

Yes. Normal-tension glaucoma is well-recognised and common in Asian populations. Dr. Bhartiya evaluates optic nerve structure and visual function alongside IOP — because pressure alone does not tell the whole story.

Can glaucoma be detected before symptoms appear?

Yes, and this is the entire point of a diagnostic evaluation. OCT detects structural nerve damage years before you notice any visual change. Early detection is the single most important factor in protecting your long-term vision.

What is the difference between open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma?

Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly and painlessly as drainage channels lose efficiency over time. Angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the drainage angle narrows or blocks — it can cause sudden pain, redness, and rapid vision loss. Gonioscopy distinguishes between the two and guides treatment.

How long does the full diagnostic evaluation take?

Approximately 60–90 minutes for a first-visit comprehensive workup. Follow-up visits for monitoring are usually shorter, 30–45 minutes.

How should I prepare for my glaucoma tests?

No specific preparation is needed. A few things will help:

Read a little about glaucoma beforehand and write down any questions you want to ask. Get a good night’s sleep before your visual field test, fatigue significantly affects results. Have a light meal before you arrive, as some tests take time. Continue all previously prescribed medications unless told otherwise.

If a water drinking test has been scheduled, carry a one-litre bottle of water. If dilation has been planned, arrange for someone to drive you home, your vision may be blurred for 3–4 hours after dilating drops. Bring something to read while you wait. Glaucoma investigations are painless, but they are time-consuming.

I have been advised gonioscopy. What does it involve?

Gonioscopy is used to examine the drainage angle of your eye, the area where fluid exits. It determines whether your glaucoma is open-angle or angle-closure, which drives every treatment decision.

Your doctor will apply numbing drops first, so the procedure is painless. A small mirrored lens is then placed gently on the eye. You will be asked to look in a specific direction while the doctor examines the angle with the slit lamp. The room lights are usually dimmed for better visibility.

Most people tolerate gonioscopy well. Occasionally, the procedure stimulates the vagus nerve and causes brief dizziness, this passes quickly. The whole examination takes a few minutes.

The visual field test sounds difficult. Any tips?

It is one of the harder tests to do well, but a few things help.

You will sit in front of a dome-shaped screen and press a button each time you see a flash of light. Keep looking at the central fixation light throughout, do not track the flashes. Press the button even if you are only partially sure you saw something.

Pace yourself. If you feel fatigued, tell the operator and take a break. If your eyes feel dry, blink or use your lubricant drops before continuing. Do not rush, pressing quickly to finish the test produces unreliable results and may mean you need to repeat it.

There is a learning curve. Your doctor may ask you to repeat the test at a subsequent visit, this is normal and not a cause for concern.

How is eye pressure measured?

The standard method is Goldmann applanation tonometry. Your doctor applies numbing drops and a small amount of orange dye, then brings a probe into gentle contact with the cornea. The test is painless and takes under a minute per eye.

Some clinics use a non-contact tonometer, the air-puff machine, which requires no drops and no contact. Both methods are accurate when performed correctly.

How does the doctor examine my optic nerve?

The optic nerve sits at the back of the eye and cannot be seen without special equipment. Your doctor will use one of two methods: an ophthalmoscope (a handheld light and lens), or a high-powered lens at the slit lamp. Dilating drops are often used to widen the pupil and allow a clearer view.

What the doctor looks for is the size and shape of the optic cup relative to the disc (the cup-to-disc ratio), the colour and rim tissue of the nerve, and any asymmetry between the two eyes. These findings, combined with OCT and visual field data, form the basis of diagnosis.

Read the research articles

She has published peer-reviewed research on glaucoma management, examining how treatment decisions should balance medical evidence, patient preferences, and long-term vision outcomes.

Available on Pubmed and Google Scholar

Dr Shibal Bhartiya
Glaucoma • Second Opinion • Advanced Care

www.drshibalbhartiya.com
+91 88826 38735

Patient reviews Google Business Profile

Upload your reports for a structured review.